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CHAPTER: - 4 CLIMATE
(CONTEMPORARY INDIA -1)
1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below
(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?
(a) Silchar
(b) Mawsynram
(c) Cherrapunji
(d) Guwahati
Answer: - (c) Mawsynram
(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as
(a) Kall Baisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) Trade Winds
(d) None of the above
Answer: - (b) Loo
(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfalls during winters in north-western part of India.
(a) Cyclonic depression
(b) Western disturbances
(c) Retreating monsoon
(d) Southwest monsoon
Answer: - (b) Western disturbances
(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in;
(a) Early May
(b) Early June
(c) Early July
(d) Early August
Answer: - (b) Early June
(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather season in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights
(d) Cold days and warm nights
Answer: - (b) Warm days and cold nights
2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
Answer: - Latitude, altitude, temperature, atmospheric pressure and wind, humidity and precipitation are the main factors which affect the climate of India.
(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Answer: - India comes in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
Various factors:
(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water
(b) Upper air circulation
(c) The Himalayan mountains
(d) Jet Stream and
(e) Coriolis forces are the reasons for monsoon type of climate in India.
(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?
Answer: - The North-western part of India experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature is Thar Desert. This situation is located mainly in the state of Rajasthan. This area receives low rainfall and away from the sea. This area gets heated up quickly during day and cooled up quickly during night.
(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?
Answer: - The Malabar coast gets heavy rainfall from the South-west monsoon winds.
(v) What are the Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
Answer: - The climate of India is affected by the movement of upper air currents known as “jet streams”. Cyclone depressions coming from Mediterranean Sea called Western Disturbances cause low to moderate rainfall over northern India. This rainfall is boon to wheat crop which is generally cultivated in Rabi season.
(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?
Answer: - The seasonal reversal in wind direction during a year is called Monsoon. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. These breaks in monsoon are related to the movement of the monsoon trough.
(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?
Answer: - The word unifying bond is used for reference for Monsoon. Uncertainties of rain and uneven distribution are very much typical of the monsoons. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agricultural calendar and the life of the people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon. These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water to set the agricultural activities in motion. The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.
3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India.
Answer: - The South-west monsoon winds moves towards north-eastern part of the country. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world, and return westwards covering the northern plains. While they move towards west. Rainfall in the Ganga valley decrease from the east to the west. Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat get scanty rainfall.
4. Give reasons as to why.
(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: - El Nino is the major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent.
(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
Answer: - The rainfall receiving variation from region to region. The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months due to reason south-west monsoons.
(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.
Answer: - The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of low-pressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions, which originate over the Andaman Sea. These cyclones generally cross the eastern coasts of India cause heavy and widespread rain.
(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Answer: - Tropical cyclones are often very destructive. The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes. The thickly populated deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones, which cause great damage to life and property.
(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.
Answer: - The north-western part of India rain shadow area of the Aravalli mountains. Hence, they are drought prone areas.
5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.
Answer: - During winter season Northern India temperature range between -7º to 15º Celsius. During the same season Southern India especially in Chennai 25º Celsius temperature comfortable. The same variations can be seen in the summer season Western India especially Rajasthan state temperature in 47º Celsius, it is a comfortable 30º Celsius in Chennai in Tamilnadu state.
6. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.
Answer: - The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique. During winter, there is a high-pressure area north of the Himalayas. Cold dry winds blow from the region to the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south. In summer a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia, as well ass, over northwestern India. This causes a complete reversal of the direction of winds during summer. Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean, in a south-easterly direction, crosses the equator, and turns right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. These are known as the Southwest Monsoon winds.
7. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.
Answer: - The temperature ranges between 10º to 15º Celsius in the northern plains. The weather is normally marked by clear sky, low temperature and low humidity and feeble variable winds. A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest. These low-pressure systems, originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and move into India, along with the westerly flow. They cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.
8. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India?
Answer: - Storm will in general have breaks in precipitation: and that actually intends that there are wet and in the middle between. The rainstorm is popular for its vulnerabilities. It might cause weighty floods in a single piece of the nation, and might be liable for dry seasons in other part. As a result of its questionable of conduct, it at times upsets the cultivating plan for India. This influences a great many ranchers all around the country.
MAP SKILLS
On an outline map of India, show the following.
(i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm.
(ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.
(i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm
Answers: - Western coastal area and Eastern India is receiving rainfall over 400 cm. Ex: - Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world.
(ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall.
Answer: - The areas receiving rainfall less than 20 cm are Western Rajasthan, Punjab, Northern Jammu.
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